Cover Sheet

Angel Fashoto
AP Biology Summer Project
Due August 25th, 2015

Adaptation of an Animal

Adaptations give organisms a better chance of survival by changing some aspect of the certain organism in relation to its environment.  This image is an example of an adaptation of an animal. The rabbit's big ears gives it the ability to monitor its environment and detect predators. Its ears also contain an extensive network of blood vessels that provide a large surface area for heat exchange.

Amniotic Egg

An amniotic egg is an egg with a water-impermeable amniotic membrane surrounding a fluid-filled amniotic cavity. This permits embryonic development on land without danger of dessication. An unlayed chicken egg is water-impermeable and could have developed on land.

Haploid Chromosome Number

The haploid chromosome number is the number of chromosomes within the nucleus of a cell that constitutes one complete chromosomal set. Thd human haploid number is expressed as n=23

Endosperm

Endosperm is the tissue that flowering plants produce under their seeds when it comes time for fertilization. The dominantly white area seen inside each half of the seed is the endosperm. A lemon seed is an example of an endosperm.

Long-Day Plants

Long-day plants are plants that require a short night (more than 12 hours of sunlight) to bloom. Clovers are an example of long-day plants.

Lichen

Lignin is a chemical compound found in all vascular plants. Its purpose is to not only support the cell walls, but also helps regulate water movement inside the plants. This tree is an example of a plant that uses lignin.

Pollinator

A pollinator is an animal that causes plants to make seeds. Meaning that they move pollen from one part of a plant to another part . This pollen then fertilizes the plant. This picture shows a butterfly, which is an example of a pollinator.

Pollen

Pollen is a fine powdery substance,  typically yellow, consisting of microscopic grans discharged from the male part of a flower or from a male cone. Pollen is produced in sacs inside the anther. When the pollen grains mature, the anther release them. 

Diploid Chromosome Number

The diploid chromosome number is the numbr of chromosomes in a given cell.  The diploid number, 46 in humans,  is the normal chromosome complement of an organism's haploid sets, which make up 23 homologous chromosome pair. She is a normal girl which means she has the normal amount of DNA per cell.

Cambium

Cambium is a layer of material that is inside a plant or tree which consists of actively dividing cells which generate growth for plants.  Cambium is filled with undifferentiated cells with the ability to differentiate into many different types of cells.

Protein-Globular

Globular proteins are spherical proteins and are one of the common protein types. Globular proteins are somewhat water-soluble (forming colloids in water), unlike the fibrous or membrane proteins.  Globular proteins are found in the human body.

Glycogen

Glycogen is the molecule that acts as a secondary long-term energy storage in animal and fungi cells, similar to starch in plant cells. Its mostly found in livers and muscles, such as the muscles on someone's arm.

Pine Cone-Female

A female pine cone, or a seed cone, contains ovules within which, when fertilized by pollen, becomes seeds.

Gymnosperm Cone

A  gymnosperm cone is a conifer cone that produces seeds either on the surface of scales or leaves, instead of the plant's ovary.

Conifer Leaf

A bush or tree (such as a pine) that produces cones and usually has leaves that are green all year.

Cellulose

Cellulose is the most common organic compound on Earth and is 33% of all plant matter. It's the structural component in plant cell walls. These flowers have cellulose.

Deciduous Leaf

Deciduous leaves fall off in late fall/early winter and are grown back in spring or summer, depending on the plant.

Exoskeleton

Exoskeleton is the external skeleton that supports and protects an animal's body.

Gibberelins

Gibberelins are plant hormones that regulate growth and influence various developmental processes including germination.

Actin

Actin is a protein found in muscle that together with myosin functions in muscle contractions.

Amylase

Amylase is an enzyme that breaks starch down into sugar. Amylase is present in human saliva, where it begins the chemical process of digestion. Amylase is present in the saliva on this tongue.

Lignin

Lignin is a chemical compound found in all vascular plants. Its purpose is to not only support the cell walls, but also help regulate water movement. Inside the plants. This treee is an example of a plant that uses lignin

Anther and Filament of stamen

A stamen is the pollen-producing reproductive organ of a flower, usually consisting of a filament and an anther.

Glycogen

Glycogen is the molecule that acts as secondary long-term energy storage in animal and fungi cells, similar to starch in plant cells. It's mostly found in livers and muscles, such as this arm.

Pteridophyte

Pteridophytes are vascular plants that produce neither flower nor seeds. Ferns are pteridophytes.

Cuticle Layer of a Plant

The cuticle is a water impervious protective layer covering the epidermal cells of leaves and other parts and limiting water loss. It consists of cutin, a waxy, water repellent substance allied to suberin, which is found in the cell walls of corky tissue.

Flower Ovary

In flowering plants, an ovary is a part of the female reproductive organ of the flower. Specifically it is a part of the pistil which holds the ovule(s) and is located above or below or at the point of connection with the basr of the petals and sepals.

Frond

A frond is a leaf or leaf-like part of a palm, fern, or similar plant.

Stigma and Style of Carpel

A carpel is composed of an ovary, a style, and a stigma. A stigma is what receives the pollen during fertilization, and the style is a tube that is on top of the ovary. The stigma and style of a carpel is located at the tip of the flower.

Auxin producing area of plant

Auxin is indoleacetic acid that regulates the growth and development of a plant. The auxin producing area of the plant is either the "apical shoot meristems" or the new buds/leaves.  The tip of the buds contain the auxin that is needed for the flower to bloom.

Insect

Insects are a class of invertebrates within the arthropod phylum that have a chitinous exoskeleton,  a three-part body, three pairs of jointed legs, compound eyes, and one pair of antennae.

Connective Tissue

Connective tissue is any biological tissue that binds, protects or supports organs. It is composed of collagen and elastin, the latter of which is an important component for ligaments and skin. These fingers with skin have connective tissue.

Endotherm

An endotherm is an organism that maintains its body at a metabolically favorable temperature. A rabbit, for instance, is a mammal that produces its own heat from the energy it gets from its food, and has no need of an extern source like the sun or a
Radiating light bulb.

Protein-Fibrous

Fibrous protein is strong, insoluble, and provides structure for organisms. There are three subgroups; keratin, collagen, and elastin. Keratin is a protein that can be found in hair.

Animal with Segmented body

A segmented body is a division of an animal's body plan, whereby the body is divided in three functional units; the head, thorax, and abdomen. Worms are characterized as an animal with a segmented body.

Stem-Woody

Woody stems are stems of plants wwho have been growing for two years or more. After two years, a plant's stem thickens to accommodate growth an increased circulation in a plant. The stem of a tree is covered in bark ("wood") which makes it a woody stem.

Eukaryote

A eukaryote is a single-celled or multicellular organism whose cell contains a distinct, membrane-bound, nucleus.  Organisms such as animals, plants, fungi, and protists are examples of eukaryotes because their cells are organized into compartmentalized structures called organizations organelles, the nucleus in particular.

Bryophtye

Bryophytres are small, herbaceous plants that grow closely packed together in mats or cushions, on rocks, soil, or as epiphytes on the trunks and leaves of forest trees. Thay don't have the tissues xylem and pholem that circulate water and nutrients in vascular plants.

Calvin's Cycle

The Calvin's Cycle is a metabolic pathway found in the stroma of the chloroplast in which carbon enters in the form of water and leaves in the form of sugar. This process occurs at night and in leaves.

Arthropods

Arthropods, such as a spider, are species of invertebrates with joined limbs and a segmented body. They have an exoskeleton made of chitin.

Vascular Plant Tissue

Vascular plant tissue is the conductive system of a plant consisting of the xylem and the pholem. The xylem tissue confucts water while the pholem tissue conducts food. A tree is a common vascular plant due to its roots that conduct water, minerals, and provide assistance for the plant's photosynthesis.

R-Strategists

R-Strategists, such as insects,  are species with a small, shorter lifespan. They produce many offspring, although a large majority doesn't survive.

Lepidoptera

Lepidoptera is an order of insects comprising the butterflies, moths, and skippers that as adults have four broad or lanceolate wings usually covered with minute overlapping and often brightly colored scales and that as larvae are caterpillars.

Autotroph

An autotroph is an organism that is able to form nutritional substances from simple inorganic substances such as carbon dioxide. Plants are autotrophs.

Heartwood

Heartwood is the dense inner part of a tree trunk, yielding the hardest timber. It is the older, non living central wood of tree or shrub, usually darker and harder than the younger sapwood, also called duramen.

Hermaphrodite

A hermaphrodite is an organism that normally has both the male and female organs of generation. An Earthworm is a hermaphrodite because it contains both male and female reproductive organs.

Xylem

Xylem is the vascular tissue in plants that conducts water and dissolved nutrients upward from the root and also helps to form the woody element in the stem. Xylem is located in the rings of a tree's wood.

Epithelial Tissue

Epithelial tissue covers the whole surface of the body, including the hands. It is made up of cells closely packed in one or more layers. The tissue is specialized to form the covering or lining of all internal body surface.

Keratin

Keratin is a fibrous protein that ensembles into fibers. Keratin is an unsolvable, tough tissue that makes up hair, nails, on the outer layer.

Lipid Used For Energy Storage

Lipids are used for energy storage. They are substances in cells that are either fats, oils, or other waxy substances used for long term energy key to survival. In addition to common items like olive oil or beef, humans, which this hand represents, contain the lipids, or fat, that is essential for our energy storage.